Bugis in Indonesia: 5 Genders Since the 14th Century

articlemostwanted - When you think about gender, most cultures recognize two: male and female. But the Bugis people of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, have a fascinating perspective that goes far beyond this binary. For centuries, they’ve embraced five distinct genders, a concept that challenges conventional norms and offers a unique lens on identity and spirituality. Let’s dive into the rich history and cultural significance of the Bugis’ five genders.

The Bugis are one of the largest ethnic groups in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, known for their maritime skills, vibrant traditions, and progressive views on gender. Their recognition of five genders isn’t a modern trend—it’s a practice rooted in their ancient beliefs and way of life. This inclusive approach has been part of their culture since at least the 14th century, making them pioneers in understanding gender diversity.

  

So, what are these five genders? Let’s break them down:

1. Oroane (Male) 

Oroane represents the traditional male gender. Men in Bugis society often take on roles associated with masculinity, such as being the head of the family or engaging in physical labor. Their identity aligns with biological and social expectations of men.

2. Makkunrai (Female)  

Makkunrai is the counterpart to Oroane, representing the traditional female gender. Women in Bugis culture typically fulfill roles tied to femininity, such as managing households and nurturing families. Like Oroane, Makkunrai aligns with biological and societal norms.

3. Calalai (Female with Male Traits)  

Calalai refers to individuals who are biologically female but adopt male roles and behaviors. They might dress like men, work in traditionally male professions, or take on leadership roles. Calalai challenge the boundaries of gender by blending traits from both sides of the spectrum.

4. Calabai (Male with Female Traits)  

Calabai are biologically male but express themselves in ways traditionally associated with femininity. They might wear women’s clothing, engage in activities considered feminine, or play important roles in ceremonies. Calabai are celebrated for their unique contributions to Bugis culture.

5. Bissu (Gender Transcendent) 

Bissu are perhaps the most intriguing of the five genders. They are considered a blend of all genders, transcending male and female identities. Bissu often serve as spiritual leaders or shamans, believed to possess divine powers and act as intermediaries between humans and the spiritual world. Their role is deeply respected and central to many Bugis rituals.

The Bugis’ recognition of five genders is rooted in their belief in balance and harmony. They see gender as a spectrum rather than a binary, with each identity playing a vital role in society. This philosophy reflects their broader worldview, which values diversity and interconnectedness.

For the Bugis, gender isn’t just about biology. It’s about social roles, spiritual significance, and personal identity. This inclusive approach has allowed them to create a culture where everyone has a place, regardless of how they express themselves.

While the Bugis’ five genders are a remarkable example of inclusivity, they face challenges in modern times. Globalization and the spread of more rigid gender norms have put pressure on traditional practices. However, efforts are being made to preserve this unique aspect of Bugis culture, both by the community itself and by researchers who recognize its importance.

The Bugis people’s recognition of five genders is a testament to their progressive and inclusive worldview. It challenges us to rethink our own understanding of gender and embrace diversity in all its forms. As we learn from their ancient wisdom, we’re reminded that identity is complex, fluid, and deeply personal. The Bugis have been celebrating this truth for centuries and it’s a lesson the world can benefit from today.